语法书 - 第七讲
第七讲 特殊句式
虚拟语气[1]
第 X 条件句
主句 | 从句 | 意义 | 其余成分 |
---|---|---|---|
do | do | 客观事实,科学现象,一定会发生 | if 可用 when 代替 |
do | will do | 可能发生的事 | 不可用 be going to 而应该用 will / shall |
did | would be | 虚拟现在的情况对现在和将来造成的影响 / 给出建议 "If I were you" | |
had done | would have done | 虚拟过去的情况对过去造成的影响 |
通常 if not 与 unless 可以互换。
If only ... 虚拟,“要是 …… 就好了”
非真实条件句
主句 | 意义 | 从句 | 意义 |
---|---|---|---|
would do | 现在 / 将来 | did | 现在 / 将来 |
would have done | 过去 | had don | 虚拟过去条件 |
强调句
强调谓语
适用范围
- 一般现在时 / 一般过去时
- 不能用在be动词的主系表结构
句型
\(\rm v.[含时态] \to do \ /\ did + v.[原型]\)
Do be careful while crossing the street. (祈使句,直接加前面,就算是be动词也可以随便强调)
强调其它成分
句型
It is / was + [被强调成分] + that(人或物) / who(人)+ [其余成分].
Is / was it + [被强调成分] + that / who + [其余成分]?
与定语从句的区别
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Gereral Rules
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定语从句,去掉 that / who 之后的部分,it 指代明确,句子不缺少成分。
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强调句,去掉 that / who 之后的部分,it 指代不明[2],句子缺少成分。
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题型
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It is / was + [成分一] + _____ + [成分二] + _____ +[成分三]
根据不同的选项搭配,可能出现以下情形
- It is / was + [被强调成分 + _____ + 定语从句] + _____ + [其余成分].
- It is / was + [被强调成分] + _____ + [其余成分 + _____ + 定语从句].
- It is / was + [名词性成分 + _____ + 从句一 + _____ + 修饰从句一内某成分的从句]
如果有定语从句,要先挑出定语从句,在另一个成分前面填上 that / who, 再判断定语从句的关系词。
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省略成分的强调句回答
判断问题的题干是否在回答中出现了,如果出现了,那么它是强调句的[其余成分],否则这个强调句被省略了[其余成分],未被省略的句子中包含从句。
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与until的连用
倒装句
全部倒装
v. + 主语
here / there / 介词短语 / 时间地点副词开头
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代词作主语不倒装主谓
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不用进行时
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适用范围
here, there, now, then, up, down, away, off, back
\(+\)
be, appear, exist, lie, seem to be, stand, go, come, fall, follow
表语 + 系动词 + 主语
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适用范围
现在分词,过去分词,形容词。
直接引语在句首
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代词作主语不倒装主谓
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谓语后有宾语或谓语比主语长,不倒装
"..." Tom said to me in a whisper.
部分倒装
情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语 + v.[原型]
疑问句
否定词在句首
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适用范围
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单词
not, seldom, never, barely, scarcely, rarely, little, no-等
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(介词)短语
in no time, at no time, by no means, on no account, under no circumstances, on no condition(绝不)
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特殊用法
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Not until [从句] [主句]
只有主句倒装。
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Not only [一] (but also [二])
只有 [一] 倒装。
- \[\rm \left. \begin{aligned} \rm Hardly \\ \rm Barely \\ \rm Scarcely \end{aligned} \right\} \quad + {\underbrace{had + 主语 + done}_{部分倒装}} + \quad when + {\underbrace{主语 + did}_{不倒装}} \]
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句型 | 常用动词 | 如何倒装 | 条件 |
---|---|---|---|
so 开头 | 全部 | “另一者也是” | |
部分 | “确实如此” | ||
neither / nor 开头 | 全部 | ||
介词短语,时间 / 地点副词开头 | 全 | 名词(短语),非进行时 | |
不倒装主谓 | 代词 | ||
表语 + 系动词 + 主语 | 全部 | ||
直接引语 | 全部 |
There be ...[3]
与非谓
There be + n. + doing \(\Rightarrow\) 主动进行
There be + n. + done \(\Rightarrow\) 被动
There be + n. + to do \(\Rightarrow\) 将来(尚未发生)
[Question Tags 用法](#There be ...)
Question Tags
用法
陈述句
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主语:人称代词
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肯定与否定
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前否后肯
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前肯后否
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祈使句
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一般的祈使句
[原句], will you?
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Let ...
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Let's ..., shall we?
回答:Good idea. / OK / ... 等交际用语,而非直接回答。
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Let us ..., will you?
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There be ...
There be ..., ... there?
指示代词引导的句子
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This / that ..., ... it?
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These / those ..., ... they?
包含情态动词的句子[4]
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must
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表推测
反去掉推测之后的原句。
They must be tired now, aren't they?
He must have cleaned the room this morning, didn't he? must have done \(\Rightarrow\) 一般过去时。
You must haven't seen you for a long time, have you? must have done \(\Rightarrow\) 现在完成时。
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禁止
[... mustn't ...], [must ...]?
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有必要
[原句], needn't / mustn't ...?
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dare / need
- 情态动词 \(\to\) 否定形式
- 行为动词 \(\to\) [don't ...]?
[4:1]
I 开头的句子
I am ..., aren't I?
并列句
就近原则
注意事项
判断一个句子是否是否定句
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否定词 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, little
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宾语从句
先否定前移,再判断。
代词的使用
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人 everybody(one), anybody(one), nobody( one), somebody(one) \(\to\) don't they?
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物 everything, anything, nothing, something \(\to\) isn't it?
固定搭配 / 需要注意的搭配
句型 | Quetion Tags(主语以you为例) |
---|---|
have(表示"有")/ have to do / have got nothing to do | don't you? |
had better do | hadn't you? |
would like / would rather | wouldn't you? |
used to | didn't you? |
I wish to ... (表示请求) | may I? |
把握住非真实条件句主句和从句分别的用法,不要死在固定搭配上。 ??
原因是,在强调句中的 it 并无实际意思,而以 it 开头的定语从句中, it 是主语或者形式主语。 ??
关于There be的变形,略去不写。 ??
不计时态,记住不能"自己问自己"。 ?? ??