【Spring Boot】thymeleaf模板引擎的使用
在早期开发的时候,我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面,随着时间轴的发展,慢慢的引入了jsp页面,当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面,可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互,jsp有非常强大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的时候,整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包,而且还嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦,springboot推荐使用模板引擎。
模板引擎有很多种,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板,比如有些值呢,是动态的,我们写一些表达式。而这些值,从哪来呢,我们来组装一些数据,我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎,模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置,然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去,这就是我们这个模板引擎,不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎,都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已,下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,语法简单且功能强大
1、thymeleaf的介绍
官网地址:https://www.thymeleaf.org/
thymeleaf在github的地址:https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
中文网站:https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/
导入依赖:
org.thymeleaf
thymeleaf-spring5
org.thymeleaf.extras
thymeleaf-extras-java8time
在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类:ThymeleafProperties
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {
private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";
public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";
/**
* Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it.
*/
private boolean checkTemplate = true;
/**
* Whether to check that the templates location exists.
*/
private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true;
/**
* Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
*/
private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX;
/**
* Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
*/
private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX;
/**
* Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf's TemplateMode enum.
*/
private String mode = "HTML";
/**
* Template files encoding.
*/
private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;
/**
* Whether to enable template caching.
*/
private boolean cache = true;
2、thymeleaf使用模板
在java代码中写入如下代码:
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String hello(Model model){
model.addAttribute("msg","Hello");
//classpath:/templates/hello.html
return "hello";
}
html页面中写入如下代码:
Hello
3、thymeleaf的表达式语法
Simple expressions:
Variable Expressions: ${...}
Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}
Message Expressions: #{...}
Link URL Expressions: @{...}
Fragment Expressions: ~{...}
Literals
Text literals: 'one text', 'Another one!',…
Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…
Boolean literals: true, false
Null literal: null
Literal tokens: one, sometext, main,…
Text operations:
String concatenation: +
Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:
Binary operators: +, -, *, /, %
Minus sign (unary operator): -
Boolean operations:
Binary operators: and, or
Boolean negation (unary operator): !, not
Comparisons and equality:
Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)
Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)
Conditional operators:
If-then: (if) ? (then)
If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No-Operation: _
4、thymeleaf实例演示
1、th的常用属性值
? 一、th:text :设置当前元素的文本内容,相同功能的还有th:utext,两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签,后者会。优先级不高:order=7
? 二、th:value:设置当前元素的value值,类似修改指定属性的还有th:src,th:href。优先级不高:order=6
? 三、th:each:遍历循环元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置,详细往后看。优先级很高:order=2
? 四、th:if:条件判断,类似的还有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。优先级较高:order=3
? 五、th:insert:代码块引入,类似的还有th:replace,th:include,三者的区别较大,若使用不恰当会破坏html结构,常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高:order=1
? 六、th:fragment:定义代码块,方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低:order=8
? 七、th:object:声明变量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般:order=4
? 八、th:attr:修改任意属性,实际开发中用的较少,因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙,类似的还有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。优先级一般:order=5
thymeleaf.html
Title
name:
age:
gender:
ThymeleafController.java
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
@Controller
public class ThymeleafController {
@RequestMapping("thymeleaf")
public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){
map.put("thText","th:text设置文本内容 加粗");
map.put("thUText","th:utext 设置文本内容 加粗");
map.put("thValue","thValue 设置当前元素的value值");
map.put("thEach","Arrays.asList(\"th:each\", \"遍历列表\")");
map.put("thIf","msg is not null");
map.put("thObject",new Person("zhangsan",12,"男"));
return "thymeleaf";
}
}
2、标准表达式语法
? ${...} 变量表达式,Variable Expressions
? *{...} 选择变量表达式,Selection Variable Expressions
? 一、可以获取对象的属性和方法
? 二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletContext内置对象
session.setAttribute("user","zhangsan");
th:text="${session.user}"
? 三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等内置方法
standardExpression.html
thymeleaf内置方法
#strings
Old Str :
toUpperCase :
toLowerCase :
equals :
equalsIgnoreCase :
indexOf :
substring :
replace :
startsWith :
contains :
#numbers
formatDecimal 整数部分随意,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入:
formatDecimal 整数部分保留五位数,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入:
#bools
#arrays
length :
contains :
containsAll :
#lists
size :
contains :
sort :
#maps
size :
containsKey :
containsValue :
#dates
format :
custom format :
day :
month :
monthName :
year :
dayOfWeekName :
hour :
minute :
second :
createNow :
ThymeleafController.java
@RequestMapping("standardExpression")
public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){
map.put("Str", "Blog");
map.put("Bool", true);
map.put("Array", new Integer[]{1,2,3,4});
map.put("List", Arrays.asList(1,3,2,4,0));
Map hashMap = new HashMap();
hashMap.put("thName", "${#...}");
hashMap.put("desc", "变量表达式内置方法");
map.put("Map", hashMap);
map.put("Date", new Date());
map.put("Num", 888.888D);
return "standardExpression";
}
? @{...} 链接表达式,Link URL Expressions
? #{...} 消息表达式,Message Expressions
? ~{...} 代码块表达式,Fragment Expressions
fragment.html
Title
© 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
5、国际化的配置
? 在很多应用场景下,我们需要实现页面的国际化,springboot对国际化有很好的支持, 下面来演示对应的效果。
1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式,file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8
2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录,创建一个login.properties的文件,还有login_zh_CN.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作
3、创建三个不同的文件,名称分别是:login.properties,login_en_US.properties,login_zh_CN.properties
内容如下:
#login.properties
login.password=密码1
login.remmber=记住我1
login.sign=登录1
login.username=用户名1
#login_en_US.properties
login.password=Password
login.remmber=Remember Me
login.sign=Sign In
login.username=Username
#login_zh_CN.properties
login.password=密码~
login.remmber=记住我~
login.sign=登录~
login.username=用户名~
4、配置国际化的资源路径
spring:
messages:
basename: i18n/login
5、编写html页面
初始html页面
Title
修改后的页面
Title
可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现,想要通过超链接实现的话,如下所示:
添加WebMVCConfig.java代码
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.util.Locale;
@Configuration
public class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
registry.addViewController("/").setViewName("login");
registry.addViewController("/login.html").setViewName("login");
}
@Bean
public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){
return new NativeLocaleResolver();
}
protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{
@Override
public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
String language = request.getParameter("language");
Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){
String[] split = language.split("_");
locale = new Locale(split[0],split[1]);
}
return locale;
}
@Override
public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) {
}
}
}
login.html页面修改为:
Title
国际化的源码解释:
//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration
public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration {
private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[0];
public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() {
}
@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.messages") //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫: messages.properties, 就可以进行国际化操作了
public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() {
return new MessageSourceProperties();
}
@Bean
public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) {
ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource();
if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) {
//设置国际化文件的基础名(去掉语言国家代码的)
messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename())));
}
if (properties.getEncoding() != null) {
messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name());
}
messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale());
Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration();
if (cacheDuration != null) {
messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis());
}
messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat());
messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage());
return messageSource;
}
}
//WebMvcAutoConfiguration
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "locale")
public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {
if (this.mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) {
return new FixedLocaleResolver(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());
}
AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();
localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());
return localeResolver;
}
//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver
@Override
public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale();
if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader("Accept-Language") == null) {
return defaultLocale;
}
Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale();
List supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales();
if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) {
return requestLocale;
}
Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales);
if (supportedLocale != null) {
return supportedLocale;
}
return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale);
}