读书笔记: 博弈论导论 - 02 - 引入不确定性和时间
读书笔记: 博弈论导论 - 02 - 引入不确定性和时间
前言
本文是Game Theory An Introduction (by Steven Tadelis) 的学习笔记。
术语
- 概率分布函数(probability distribution function)
一个简单投机(lottery)(行动\(a \in A\))在结果 $ X = { x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n }$上的概率分布记做
F : X \to [0, 1] \
where \
f(\hat{x} | a) = Pr{x \leq \hat{x}} \text{: the probability that the outcome is less than or equal to } \hat{x}.
E[u(x)|a] = \sum_{k=1}^n p_k u(x_k) \
where \
u(x) \text{: the payoff function} \
p = (p_1, p_2, \cdots, p_n) \text{: probability distribution}
E[u(x) | a] = \int_{\underline{x}}^{\overline{x}} u(x)f(x)dx \
where \
u(x) \text{: the payoff function} \
f(x|a) \text{: the cumulative distribution function}
\text{choose } a^* \in A \iff v(a^) = E[u(x)|a^] \geq E[u(x)|a^*] = v(a), a \in A
\[ ## 考虑次序和时间 - 逆向归纳法(backward induction) 或者称为动态编程(dynamic programming)。 就是说在连续的随机案例下,从后向前,每个简单的投机, 都使用最大期望收益推算其投机行为,作为投机的计算行为,向前计算。 - 折扣合计期望(discounted sum of future payoffs) \]v(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n) = \sum_{t=1}^{T} \delta^{t-1} u(x_t) \
where \
T \text{: period} \
u(x) \text{: the payoff function of outcome x} \