Spring依赖注入

1. 前言

本篇博客主要通过代码练习Spring框架的依赖注入。

基于XML配置文件的依赖注入
基于注解的依赖注入

依赖，值得是类A的功能实现，需要类B的相关属性和方法。那么类A对类B就有依赖。

通过Spring的控制反转【IOC】功能，就能够把所有的bean（java类）注册到Spring的容器，通过容器的管理功能，来实现类B注入到类A中，通过解耦的方式实现类A的依赖注入。

Spring可以解析XML配置文件来得知如何注册bean A和bean B，也能够知道如何把bean B注入到bean A，比如通过set设值注入，或者构造方法注入等。而注入的过程已经不是开发者需要关注的了，对开发者透明的，开发者这需要指定如何注入就可以了，注入的过程由Spring bean容器进行完成和管理。

为了应对大型软件架构的复杂性，尤其是配置的复杂性，通过注解实现依赖注入的方式成为必然。当然也可以XML和注解同时存在。

本篇博客参考以下博客内容：

https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs/327394
https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs/327710
https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs/329482

2 开发环境

本篇在虚拟机node99里面安装了JDK开发环境。

[root@node99][/opt]
# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 8.5.2111
[root@node99][/opt]
# java -version
java version "17" 2021-09-14 LTS
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 17+35-LTS-2724)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 17+35-LTS-2724, mixed mode, sharing)
[root@node99][/opt]
# mvn --version
Apache Maven 3.8.2 (ea98e05a04480131370aa0c110b8c54cf726c06f)
Maven home: /opt/apache/maven/3.8.2
Java version: 17, vendor: Oracle Corporation, runtime: /opt/jdk/jdk-17
Default locale: zh_CN, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "linux", version: "4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64", arch: "amd64", family: "unix"
[root@node99][/opt]
# catalina.sh --version
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /opt/apache/tomcat/8.5.70
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /opt/apache/tomcat/8.5.70
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /opt/apache/tomcat/8.5.70/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /opt/jdk/jdk-17
Using CLASSPATH:       /opt/apache/tomcat/8.5.70/bin/bootstrap.jar:/opt/apache/tomcat/8.5.70/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:   
Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )
commands:
  debug             Start Catalina in a debugger
  debug -security   Debug Catalina with a security manager
  jpda start        Start Catalina under JPDA debugger
  run               Start Catalina in the current window
  run -security     Start in the current window with security manager
  start             Start Catalina in a separate window
  start -security   Start in a separate window with security manager
  stop              Stop Catalina, waiting up to 5 seconds for the process to end
  stop n            Stop Catalina, waiting up to n seconds for the process to end
  stop -force       Stop Catalina, wait up to 5 seconds and then use kill -KILL if still running
  stop n -force     Stop Catalina, wait up to n seconds and then use kill -KILL if still running
  configtest        Run a basic syntax check on server.xml - check exit code for result
  version           What version of tomcat are you running?
Note: Waiting for the process to end and use of the -force option require that $CATALINA_PID is defined

创建项目放置目录：

mkdir /root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring

使用mvn创建项目：

mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.liwl.dev -DartifactId=SpringDI -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DinteractiveMode=false

使用vscode连接node99，然后打开项目文件。

在项目管理配置文件pom.xml里面，添加以下内容


  4.0.0
  com.liwl.dev
  SrpingDI
  jar
  1.0-SNAPSHOT
  LiwlSrping5Dev
  http://maven.apache.org
    
  
        5.3.15
  

  
      
    
      junit
      junit
      3.8.1
      test
    

    
      org.springframework
      spring-core
      ${spring.version}
    
  
     
      org.springframework
      spring-context
      ${spring.version}
     
      
  
    
  
  	
    	
        	org.apache.maven.plugins
            maven-compiler-plugin
            3.8.0
            	
            		17
                    17
                    UTF8

在/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/main目录下，创建resources目录。在该目录下创建用来配置bean的XML文件springdi.xml

3. 使用XML配置文件进行依赖注入

3.1 set设值注入

3.1.1 基本数据类型注入

在目录/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/main/java/com/liwl/dev下创建源码文件LiwanLiang.java

package com.liwl.dev;

public interface LiwanLiang {
    
}

同一目录下创建接口LiwanLiang的实现类LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "学生信息:"+"name:"+name+","+"age:"+age;
    }
}

修改/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/main/resources目录下的srpingdi.xml内容

在目录/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/test/java/com/liwl/dev下创建测试代码LiwlTest.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class LiwlTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("springdi.xml");
        LiwanLiangImpl liwl = (LiwanLiangImpl) context.getBean("liwl");
        System.out.println(liwl);
        context.close();
    }
}

执行测试代码，结果

liwanliang信息:name:liwanliang,age:30

3.1.2 引用数据类型注入

以LiwanLiangImpl依赖SchoolImpl为例子。

首先创建接口源文件School.java和实现类源文件SchoolImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

public interface School {
    
}

package com.liwl.dev;

public class SchoolImpl implements School {

    private String name;
    private String address;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "学校信息:"+"名称:"+name+","+"地址:"+address;
    }
}

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java，加入school属性

package com.liwl.dev;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private School school;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }
}

修改srpingdi.xml文件

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java里面toString方法内容

@Override
public String toString() {
	return "学生信息:"+"name:"+name+","+"age:"+age+"学校信息:"+school;
}

运行测试源码文件LiwlTest.java

学生信息:name:liwanliang,age:30学校信息:学校信息:名称:江南大学,地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号

3.1.3 其他引用类型注入

a. List集合注入基本类型

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java，增加属性stringList

package com.liwl.dev;

import java.util.List;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private School school;
    private List course;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }

    public void setCourse(List course) {
        this.course = course;
    }

    public List getCourse() {
        return course;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "学生信息:"+"name:"+name+","+"age:"+age+","+".学校信息:"+school+".其他:"+course;
    }
}

修改springdi.xml

运行结果

学生信息:name:liwanliang,age:30,.学校信息:学校信息:名称:江南大学,地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号.其他:["高等数学", "线性代数", "工程制图"]

b. List集合注入引用类型

这里把school对象增加一个

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import java.util.List;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private List schoolList;
    private List course;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public List getSchoolList() {
        return schoolList;
    }

    public void setSchoolList(List schoolList) {
        this.schoolList = schoolList;
    }

    public void setCourse(List course) {
        this.course = course;
    }

    public List getCourse() {
        return course;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "学生信息:"+"name:"+name+","+"age:"+age+","+".学校信息:"+schoolList+".其他:"+course;
    }
}

修改springdi.xml

运行结果

学生信息:name:liwanliang,age:30,.学校信息:[学校信息:名称:江南大学01,地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号, 学校信息:名称:江南大学02,地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号].其他:["高等数学", "线性代数", "工程制图"]

c. Map集合注入

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private Map schoolMap;
    private List course;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Map getSchoolMap() {
        return schoolMap;
    }

    public void setSchoolMap(Map schoolMap) {
        this.schoolMap = schoolMap;
    }

    public void setCourse(List course) {
        this.course = course;
    }

    public List getCourse() {
        return course;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "学生信息:"+"name:"+name+","+"age:"+age+","+".学校信息:"+schoolMap+".其他:"+course;
    }
}

修改springdi.xml

d. Properties类型注入

待补充

3.1.4 其他配置文件引入

在实际开发过程中，当把所有配置都放在同一个配置文件中时，会导致Spring的配置繁多，复杂，体积庞大。所以根据项目规划，在Spring主要配置文件中，通过import标签引入其他配置文件。这样可以是配置文件得到简化，易于配置修改和维护。

在目录/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/main/resources下创建liwanliang.xml和school.xml

修改springdi.xml

修改liwanliang.xml

修改school.xml

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import java.util.List;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private School school;
    private List course;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }

    public void setCourse(List course) {
        this.course = course;
    }

    public List getCourse() {
        return course;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            + ","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

运行结果

name:liwanliang,age:30,schoolname:江南大学01,address:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号

3.2 构造方法注入

spring按照无参构造函数来创建对象。如果一个类创建了有参构造函数，需要在XML里面配置构造函数。

修改liwanliang.xml

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private School school;

    public LiwanLiangImpl(String name,int age,School school){
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.school = school;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            + ","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

运行结果

name:liwanliang,age:30,schoolname:江南大学01,address:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号

3.3 自动注入

手动配置要注入的bean，数量变多时，会经常出错。Spring提供了自动注入的方式。

配置以后，不需要为要配置的bean指定其他需要注入的bean，Spring会在指定路径下扫描全部的bean，发现了需要自动注入的bean以后，会为要配置的bean自动注入。

3.3.1 按照名称注入

修改liwanliang.xml

当使用autowire=byName后，Spring会扫描容器里面全部注册的bean，然后发现LiwanLiangImpl需要School的bean，且School的bean具有get/set属性，因此就把School的bean自动注入到LiwanLiangImpl里面，不需要在XML里面手动为LiwanLiangImpl来指定bean

修改liwanliang.xml的配置，运行程序得到结果

name:liwanliang,age:30,schoolname:江南大学01,address:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private School school;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            + ","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

3.3.2 按照类型注入

待补充

4. 半注解方式注入

半注解的方式，是在XML配置文件中，通过标签来设置Spring要扫描和注册的bean。然后在源码中通过注解就可以免除配置XML了。

4.1 注解类型

第一组注解：关于对象实例化创建
- @Component 使用在类上用于实例化Bean
- @Controller 使用在web层类上用于实例化Bean
- @Service 使用在service层类上用于实例化Bean
- @Repository 使用在dao层类上用于实例化Bean
第二组注解：对象属性的注入
- @Autowired 用在引用数据类型属性的注入
- @Resource
- @Qulifier 与@Autowired一起使用
第三组注解：字符串注入
- @Value 基本数据类型的注入
- @ProertySource 引入外部properties文件
- @Bean 将方法的返回注入spring容器

4.2 使用实例

本部分通过XML来注册扫描器，通过注解注册LiwanLiangImpl的bean和School的bean。

修改springdi.xml

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;


import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component(value = "liwl")
public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    @Value(value = "liwanliang")
    private String name;
    @Value(value = "30")
    private int age;
    @Autowired
    private School school;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }


    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            +","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

修改SchoolImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component(value = "school")
public class SchoolImpl implements School {

    @Value(value = "江南大学")
    private String name;
    @Value(value = "江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号")
    private String address;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "address:"+address
            ;
    }
}

name:liwanliang,age:30,schoolname:江南大学,address:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号

上面代码中，通过@Component注解了LiwanLiangImpl和SchoolImpl，也就是向Spring容器注册bean：LiwanLiangImpl和SchoolImpl，其bean的id是"liwl"和"school"，而LiwanLiangImpl和SchoolImpl的属性值name和age，通过@Value来注解。在LiwanLiangimpl里面的School属性，则是通过注解@Autowire+@Qualifiler实现按照名称自动注入

4.3 引入外部属性文件

假如我们是通过外部配置文件来设置数据库，我们没有必要把数据库相关配置数据写入源码，从而解耦数据库的相关信息。那我们可以通过以下方式来解耦。

以外部配置文件来配置实现类的初始值

修改springdi.xml

在目录下创建all.properties文件，内容

liwl_name="liwanliang001"
liwl_age=30
school_name="江南大学001"
school_address="江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号001"

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;


import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component(value = "liwl")
public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    @Value(value = "${liwl_name}")
    private String name;
    @Value(value = "${liwl_age}")
    private int age;
    @Autowired
    private School school;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }


    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            +","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

修改SchoolImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component(value = "school")
public class SchoolImpl implements School {

    @Value(value = "${school_name}")
    private String name;
    @Value(value = "${school_address}")
    private String address;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "address:"+address
            ;
    }
}

运行结果

name:"liwanliang001",age:30,schoolname:"江南大学001",address:"江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号001"

总结一下：

在springdi.xml里面添加了，如此以来无论是在LiwanLiangImpl.java还是SchoolImpl.java里面，@Value的注解默认值就可以通过${xxx}的方式，引入all.properties的值。所以此配置是全局的

再来使用注解代替XML配置

修改spring.xml

修改LiwanLiangImpl.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@PropertySource(value = {"classpath:all.properties"},encoding = "utf-8")
@Component(value = "liwl")
public class LiwanLiangImpl implements LiwanLiang {
    
    @Value(value = "${liwl_name}")
    private String name;
    @Value(value = "${liwl_age}")
    private int age;
    @Autowired
    private School school;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public School getSchool() {
        return school;
    }

    public void setSchool(School school) {
        this.school = school;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return 
            "name:"+name
            +","+
            "age:"+age
            +","+
            "school"+school
            ;
    }
}

运行结果

name:"liwanliang003",age:30,schoolname:"江南大学003",address:"江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号003"

注：SchoolImpl.java不需要添加@PropertySource注解，它通过Component注册到Spring容器

到目前发现spring.xml已经只剩下标签

接下来就是把该标签也变成注解

5. 全注解方式注入

在目录/root/liwl_dev/java/web/spring/SpringDI/src/main/java/com/liwl/dev下，创建配置类源文件SpringDIConfig.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(value={"com.liwl.dev"})
public class SpringDIConfig {
   private String info = "我是spring配置类";
   public void showMe(){
       System.out.println(info);
   }
}

修改MyTest.java文件

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class LiwlTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringDIConfig.class);
        SpringDIConfig config = context.getBean(SpringDIConfig.class);
        config.showMe();
        ((ConfigurableApplicationContext) context).close();
    }
}

运行结果

我是spring配置类

说明Spring已经加载了配置类，实例化配置类以后，调用了它的方法

修改MyTest.java

package com.liwl.dev;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class LiwlTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringDIConfig.class);
        LiwanLiangImpl liwl = (LiwanLiangImpl) context.getBean("liwl");
        System.out.println(liwl);
        ((ConfigurableApplicationContext) context).close();
    }
}

运行结果

name:"liwanliang003",age:30,schoolname:"江南大学003",address:"江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道1800号003"

6. 总结

本篇主要介绍了使用Spring框架开发时，如何通过XML配置bean，然后注册到Spring容器里。XML通过不同的标签来设置对象的属性以及注入方式（set设值注入，构造方法注入），也可以通过标签来引入其他模块的XML配置。当不在XML里面配置bean时，通过

指定要扫描的包以及属性配置文件，然后Spring就能够通过注解的方式代替XML拿到bean配置的属性值，同时通过注解来自动加载需要注入的bean。

最后可以创建配置类，通过注解完全代替XML的配置。

Spring

Spring依赖注入

1. 前言

2 开发环境

3. 使用XML配置文件进行依赖注入

3.1 set设值注入

3.1.1 基本数据类型注入

3.1.2 引用数据类型注入

3.1.3 其他引用类型注入

a. List集合注入基本类型

b. List集合注入引用类型

c. Map集合注入

d. Properties类型注入

3.1.4 其他配置文件引入

3.2 构造方法注入

3.3 自动注入

3.3.1 按照名称注入

3.3.2 按照类型注入

4. 半注解方式注入

4.1 注解类型

4.2 使用实例

4.3 引入外部属性文件

5. 全注解方式注入

6. 总结

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