bold

字形技术很复杂也很有意思，请耐心阅读，暂时看不懂的地方可囫囵吞枣。我只是搬运信息，一知半解。bold的相关含义:
1. clearly visible; distinct; striking; vivid 显而易见的; 轮廓清楚的; 突出的; 生动的
2. printed in thick type 用粗体印刷的

The weight of a particular font is the thickness of the character outlines relative to their height. A typeface may come in fonts of many weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or black; four to six weights are not unusual, and a few typefaces have as many as a dozen. Many typefaces for office, web and non-professional use come with a normal and a bold weight which are linked together. If no bold weight is provided, many renderers (browsers, word processors, graphic and DTP programs) support a bolder font by rendering the outline a second time at an offset, or smearing it slightly at a diagonal angle. DTP=Desktop Publishing.

A typeface, or "font family", is the design of lettering that can include variations, such as extra bold, bold, regular, light, italic, condensed, extended, etc. Each of these variations of the typeface is a font. In metal typesetting, a font was a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. In modern usage, with the advent of digital typography, "font" is frequently synonymous with "typeface". Each style is in a separate "font file"—for instance, the typeface "Bulmer" may include the fonts "Bulmer roman", "Bulmer", "Bulmer bold" and "Bulmer extended"—but the term "font" might be applied either to one of these alone or to the whole typeface.

In European typefaces, especially Roman ones, a slope or slanted style is used to emphasize important words. This is called italic type or oblique type. These designs normally slant to the right in left-to-right scripts. Oblique styles are often called italic, but differ from 'true italic' styles. Italic styles are more flowing than the normal typeface, approaching a more handwritten, cursive style.

苹果对“视网膜屏”(Retina)的定义是ppi高于320的屏幕。ppi是Pixels [像素] per Inch的缩写。目前这个指标落伍了，5寸1080p是440ppi，5.5寸1080p屏幕是400ppi。1080p指的是1920x1080个像素。比方说在手机屏幕上显示“你好”两个大字，或者打印个1米乘0.5米的招贴/海报，每个字占据512x512个像素不稀奇。7000个汉字的字库要占据多大空间？过去72KB内存就可以叫大型机(mainframe, PDP-10)，Apple I只有4KB内存。A mainframe or mainframe computer is a large powerful computer which can be used by many people at the same time and which can do very large or complicated tasks.

王选年谱 (pku.edu.cn) 1975年，发明了“轮廓加参数”的汉字信息高倍率压缩方法和高速复原技术，使汉字字形信息压缩500－1000倍，并实现了变倍复原时的高保真，比国外同类方法领先8年左右。1987年，作为唯一发明人，“高分辨率字形在计算机中的压缩表示”获得欧洲专利，编号EP0095536。由于1982年申请时，我国内地没有申请国外专利的相关法律，该专利是在钱伟长先生协助下，通过香港的黄金富先生辗转申请的，电子部张淞芝先生协助沟通。王选是我国第一位欧洲专利获得者。

高分辨率字形在计算机中的压缩表示 在742dpi的分辨率下，一个五号汉字的字心为96点阵，共有9216个点。一个字节为8比特，可表示8个点，则需要1152字节。按照GB 2312标准6763个汉字来算，需要7MB左右存储空间。然而，这还仅仅是一种字体的一种字号。中文报纸、书刊最常用的字体有十来种，每一种字体又有十几种不同的常用字号，每种字体包含的汉字字符数量在8000个以上。如果将它们全部转化为点阵，需要的储存空间将超过20亿字节，接近2GB。在今天看来，这点数据可能算不了什么，但在本专利诞生的70年代，对当时的硬件来说，是个天文数字。因此，这一问题成为了汉字激光照排技术的瓶颈。汉字的总体数量虽然很大，但其中规则笔画占了大约一半，它们的起笔、收笔和折笔处有着较为固定的若干种形状，称为笔锋。这些笔锋可以提取出来，编上号码，为各个笔画共用。而笔画的宽度也有一定固定的变化范围，再加上长度等属性，可以用参数的方法去描述它们。对于不规则笔画，则采用轮廓的方法描述，即笔画上各个节点的位置。以这些节点为顶点组成多边形，只要节点的位置合适、数量不要太少，即可近似地描述笔画上的曲线部分。

• dpi=dot per inch. 印刷比屏幕分辨率高。
• 方正字库官网 (foundertype.com) 共有12290款字体

TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple in the late 1980s [80年代后期] as a competitor to Adobe's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS, macOS, and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

The outlines of the characters (or glyphs) in TrueType fonts are made of straight line segments and quadratic Bézier curves [二次贝塞尔曲线]. These curves are mathematically simpler and faster to process than cubic Bézier curves [三次贝塞尔曲线], which are used both in the PostScript-centered world of graphic design and in Type 1 fonts. However, most shapes require more points to describe with quadratic curves than cubics. This difference also means that it is not possible to convert Type 1 losslessly to the TrueType format, although in practice it is often possible to do a lossless conversion from TrueType to Type 1. [有些搞设计的爱炫耀苹果笔记本，我很不以为然。Adobe比苹果专业，Abode有Windows版。5K分辨率显示器有单卖的。如果苹果的界面难用还用，那不是傻吗？反之如果简单好用，那是别人厉害，自己会个简单的东西有啥可显摆的？我会骑自行车我骄傲了吗？至于“贵”，我没事打开汽车后备箱给人看现金吗？:-)]

TrueType systems include a virtual machine that executes programs inside the font, processing the "hints" of the glyphs. These distort the control points which define the outline, with the intention that the rasterizer produce fewer undesirable features on the glyph. Each glyph's hinting program takes account of the size (in pixels) at which the glyph is to be displayed, as well as other less important factors of the display environment.

Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). They were constructed with bipolar devices, in a bit-slice topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer control unit (CCU). By using the bit slicing technique, the Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4 bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was that it required a larger number of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip was the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), and the "core" of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations. [这是王选院士在1979年开发系统照排控制器时用的芯片。那个时代电脑不仅内存小，而且速度慢。他用的这个甚至不能直接处理8位二进制数。]

堃 kūn 同“坤”。“球”：“美玉” (汉典“球”字的基本解释)

在浏览器里按Ctrl-加号键，可以放大显示。文本换用更大的字体后依然清晰。当做点阵(图片)放大，InfrawView里有Resize (faster, low quality)和Resample (better quality)，其中Lanzcos是最慢的一种。效果分别如下 (海报上的字比这个大多了)：

可以看到图片中像素不全是黑色。ClearType is Microsoft's implementation of subpixel rendering technology in rendering text in a font system. ClearType attempts to improve the appearance of text on certain types of computer display screens by sacrificing color fidelity for additional intensity variation. This trade-off is asserted to work well on LCD flat panel monitors. 关闭ClearType后我没有重启电脑。