Financial reporting and analysis 7


R21:Inventories

1、Cost of Inventories:存货成本

<1> The costs include in inventory are similar under IFRS and U.S. GAAP:

根据国际会计准则和美国会计准则,存货中包含的成本类似。资本化 -> COGS

Costs of purchase(less trade discounts and rebates):购置成本(减去贸易折扣和回扣)

- Include purchase price, import and tax-related duties, transport and insurance during transport, handling.

- 包括采购价格、进口税、运输和装卸期间的运费和保险。

Costs of conversion:转换成本(把购买进来的原材料加工成在产品、完成品的过程产生的成本费用)

- Such as direct labor and fixed and variable overhead costs

- 如直接人工和固定及可变间接费用

Other costs necessary to bring the inventory to its present location and condition.

使存货达到可销售的位置和状态所需的其他费用。

基本上是在存货在到达 ready for sale 之前产生的费用

<2> Both IFRS and US GAAP exclude the following costs from inventory:

国际会计准则和美国会计准则均不包括以下存货成本:费用化

Abnormal costs due to waste.

由于浪费而产生的异常成本。

例如:生产木材家具产生的一些边角料可以算作存货成本,但是如果因为管理不当,仓库漏水把木材都泡了导致的损失,只能算作异常浪费而产生的费用。

Storage costs of finished inventory. ( unless required as part of the production process)

成品库存的储存成本。(除非贮藏成本是生产过程中必不可少的组成部分,例如红酒贮藏)

例如:成品产生的库存费用,是因为没有尽快将成品销售出去,从而也算是管理不善导致的费用。

All administrative and selling costs.(SG&A)

所有管理和销售成本(给客户输出成品产生的运输费等)。

2、Inventory Valuation Methods:存货估值(计价)方法

2.1 Inventory Valuation Methods

美国会计准则下独有 LIFO

(1)Specific identification:个别识别法

This method matches the physical flow of the specific items sold and remaining in inventory to their actual cost.

此方法将已售出和库存中剩余的特定项目的物理流与其实际成本相匹配。

The method is used for inventory items that are not ordinarily interchangeable and for expensive goods that are uniquely identifiable.

该方法用于通常不可互换的库存物品和唯一可识别的昂贵物品。

(2)Weighted average cost:加权平均成本法

This method assigns the average cost of the goods available for sale to the units that are sold as well as to the units in ending inventory.

此方法将可供销售商品的平均成本分配给已销售的单位以及期末存货中的单位。

Total cost of goods available for sale / Total units available for sale

可供出售商品的总成本 / 可供出售的总单位

(3)First-In, First-Out(FIFO):先进先出法

FIFO assumes that the oldest goods purchased (or manufactured) are sold first and the newest goods purchased (or manufactured) remain in ending inventory.

先进先出假设购买或制造的最旧商品先售出,购买(或制造)的最新商品仍保留在期末存货中。

In periods of rising prices, the costs assigned to the units in ending inventory are higher than the costs assigned to the units sold.

在价格上涨期间,期末存货中分配给单位的成本高于分配给售出单位的成本。

(4)Last-In, First-Out(LIFO):后进先出法

LIFO is permitted only under US GAAP.

后进先出法仅在美国会计准则下允许。

LIFO assumes that the newest goods purchased (or manufactured) are sold first and the oldest goods purchased (or manufactured) remain in ending inventory.

后进先出法假设购买(或制造)的最新商品先售出,购买(或制造)的最旧商品仍保留在期末存货中。

In periods of rising prices, the costs assigned to the units in ending inventory are lower than the costs assigned to the units sold.

在价格上涨期间,期末存货中分配给单位的成本低于分配给售出单位的成本。

采用LIFO,虽然Net income,Asset变少,但是会使企业少交税

LIFO对比FIFO,盈利能力的指标都低,但是COGS的周转率高

LIFO下,因为COGS更贴近真实价格,所以对COGS的估计更有效,
反之,FIFO存货更贴近真实价格,所以对存货的估计更有效,
但是两者对于相应的另外的一项的价格都是低估

2.2 Periodic versus perpetual inventory systems:定期盘存法和永续盘存法对比

Under a periodic inventory system, inventory values and COGS are determined at the end of an accounting period.

在定期盘存制度下,存货价值和COGS在会计期末确定。

Under a perpetual inventory system, inventory values and COGS are continuously updated to reflect purchases and sales.

在永续盘存制度下,存货价值和COGS会不断更新,以反映购销情况。

Under either system, the allocation of goods available for sale to cost of sales and ending inventory is

在这两种制度中,可供销售的商品分配到销售成本和期末存货

- the same under specific identification and FIFO

- 在个别识别法和FIFO下相同

- usually different under weighted average cost method and LIFO

- 通常在加权平均成本法和LIFO下不同

3、The LIFO Method:后进先出法

将使用LIFO方法的公司转化成FIFO方法下的估计,方便进行不同方法下公司盈利能力的对比

3.1 LIFO Reserve:后进先出准备金

LIFO Reserve: FIFO存货 - LIFO存货

所报告的后进先出存货账面价值与采用先进先出法时本应报告的存货金额之间的差额

最基础的公式:

Inventory(FIFO) = Inventory(LIFO) + LIFO Reserve

COGS(FIFO) = COGS(LIFO) - △LIFO Reserve


现金是因为 LIFO 少交税,FIFO 多交税,所以 LIFO 现金多 △LIFO Reserve * t

CFA