Financial reporting and analysis 5
R19:Understanding Cash Flow Statement
1、Components and Format of the Cash Flow Statement:现金流量表的组成部分和格式
1.1 Classification of Cash Flows:现金流的分类
The cash flow statement provides information about a company's cash receipts and cash payments during an accounting period. These cash flows are classified as follows:
现金流量表提供了公司在一个会计期间的现金收支情况。这些现金流分类如下:
- Operating cash flows(CFO):
Include the company's day-to-day activities that create revenues, such as selling inventory and providing servIces.
- 经营性现金流(CFO):
包括公司创造收入的日常活动,如销售存货和提供服务。
- Investing cash flows(CFI):
Include purchasing and selling long-term assets and other investments, such as property and equipment.
-投资性现金流(CFI):
包括购买和出售长期资产和其他投资,如财产和设备。
- Financing cash flows(CFF):
Include obtaining or repaying capital, such as equity and long-term debt.
-融资性现金流(CFF):
包括获取或偿还资本,如股权和长期债务。
1.2 U.S.GAAP Cash Flow Classification:美国会计准则现金流量分类
2、可交易金融资产,在美国认为能利用闲钱今天投资获得一些短期收益,是一种经营能力强的表现,所以归在经营性现金流当中 4、支付的股利不算在经营性现金流当中,是因为计算 net income 时也不包括支付的股利 4、分红的股利算经营性现金流的流入,但是支出的股利不算在经营性现金流当中 注:CFO 相当于利润表中的 net income,只不过两个的视角不同,一个是收付实现制下的,一个是权责发生制下的
2、非交易的长期金融资产,例如长期债券、股权投资 3、给其他企业提供贷款,主要是看中他人支付的利息,所以也算投资性现金流,他人归还的本金算投资性现金流的流入,但是利息不算,利息算经营性现金流的流入
3、支付给股东的股利归在融资性现金流的流出中,是因为 net income 的计算过程中也是不包括支付的股利的
1.3 Summary of Differences Between IFRS and U.S.GAAP:国际会计准则与美国会计准则之间的差异
银行的透支:相当于银行给企业的一张信用卡,算作一笔贷款
1.4 Non-Cash Transaction:非现金交易的处理
A non-cash transaction is any transaction that does not involve an inflow or outflow of cash.
非现金交易是指不涉及现金流入或流出的任何交易。
For example:
- A company exchanges one non-monetary asset for another non- monetary asset, no cash is involved.
- A company issues common stock either for dividends or in connection with conversion of a convertible bond or convertible preferred stock.
例如:
- 一家公司用一种非货币性资产交换另一种非货币性资产,不涉及现金。
- 公司发行普通股用于股息或与可转换债券或可转换优先股的转换有关。
These transactions are not incorporated in the cash flow statement. However, any significant non-cash transaction is required to be disclosed, either in a separate note or a supplementary schedule to the cash flow statement.
这些交易不包含在现金流量表中。但是,任何重大非现金交易都需要在单独的附注或现金流量表的补充附表中披露。
2、Cash Flow Calculation:现金流的计算
Direct & Indirect Method:直接法和间接法
There are two acceptable formats for reporting cash flow from operating activities: direct and indirect methods.
报告经营活动现金流量有两种可接受的格式:直接法和间接法。
Direct method(for CFO/CFI/CFF):直接法(针对CFO/CFI/CFF)
- Shows the specific cash inflows and outflows that result in reported cash flow from operating activities. In other words, it shows only cash receipts and cash payments.
- 显示导致报告的经营活动现金流的具体现金流入和流出。换句话说,它只显示现金收入和现金支付。
Indirect method(for CFO only):间接法(仅适用于CFO)
- Begins with net income, shows how cash flow from operations can be obtained from reported net income as the result of a series of adjustments.
- 从净收入开始,说明如何通过一系列调整从报告的净收入中获得经营活动产生的现金流。
2.1 CFO Calculation:
(1)CFO Calculation:Direct Method
☆ 重点是知道如何从利润表和资产负债表中得出计算CFO的这些相关项
<1> Cash received from customers = Net sales - △A/R + △Unearned revenue
收到客户的现金 = 净销售额 - 应收账款的变动值 + 预收收入的变动值
从客户那边收到钱的形式:Cash received from customers、 △A/R
对应需要提供的货物或服务:Net sales、 △Unearned revenue
<2> Cash paid to suppliers = COGS + △Inventory - △A/P
付给供货商的现金 = COGS + 存货的变动值 - 应付费用的变动值
从供货商那里收到的货物:COGS(销售出去了的)、△Inventory(未销售出去的)
给供货商钱的形式:Cash paid to suppliers、△A/P